John Turner III is pictured with images of several of the ships with which his forbears made the family fortune. He inherited the House of the Seven Gables in 1742 and his financial reverses and excesses required him to sell it in 1782. The portrait is a Twentieth Century copy by Salem native Harry Sutton of the original by John Smibert that is part of the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Under the ownership of the Ingersolls, the house was reduced in size: four gables were removed and it was refashioned in the Federal style. The most important impact of the Ingersoll tenure was the visits of family cousin Nathaniel Hawthorne who memorialized the house in his 1851
The House of the Seven Gables.
The house gained wide recognition after the novel was published. The tale of curses and retribution retains a universal appeal. At the time of Hawthorne's visits, the house had only four or five gables. His cousin Susannah Ingersoll, who was his frequent hostess there, recounted the history of the house and showed him the beams and mortises of the former gables in the attic. The house regained its gables in fiction sooner than in fact.
The House of the Seven Gables appeared in other fiction down the years, including the second issue of
Wonder Woman
in 1941 in which the heroine drove off Nazis from the house where they were planning to sabotage an aircraft carrier docked there.
Salem philanthropist Caroline Osgood Emmerton, descendent of another Salem seafaring family, purchased the Turner-Ingersoll House, known as The House of the Seven Gables, from Henry O. and Elizabeth Upton for $1 in 1908, and set about its restoration. She planned to open it for tours, the proceeds of which would fund the programs of the House of Seven Gables Settlement Association that she established to serve the new immigrant community in the neighborhood.
Emmerton engaged Boston preservation architect, landscape architect and antiquarian Joseph Everett Chandler, a proponent of the Colonial Revival movement. They spent two years restoring the house, including its seven gables. Historical accuracy played second fiddle to the attracting of tourists who expected to find the same house that Hawthorne described. A "cent shop" was added similar to the one in the novel and Colonial Revival gardens in the Jacobean manner were planted. The House of the Seven Gables opened for business in 1910.
A secret staircase was installed inside the massive chimney when it was rebuilt in the 1910 renovation of the house. Hawthorne's novel about the house and its denizens alludes to an unseen means by which Clifford moved from floor to floor.
The restoration of the House of the Seven Gables was just the beginning for Emmerton. The Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, founded in 1910 and now known as Historic New England, requested her help in rescuing the 1682 Hooper Hathaway House. Threatened with demolition, the house was moved to the Seven Gables property. It was restored in the Colonial Revival style, with diamond pane windows, but retains some early Jacobean detail. Some beams in the house may have been salvaged from Governor Endicott's home, which would suggest that they may date to the 1620s.
Emmerton acquired the 1655 Retire Becket House, the oldest house on the property, and moved it to the site in 1924. The house was built for ship builder John Beckett, but is named for his descendent, Retire Beckett, who built the yacht
Cleopatra's Barge
and other Salem vessels that were considered masterpieces of the time. It served initially as a tea house and antiques shop and today houses the museum shop.
The 1750 Georgian house that was the Salem birthplace of Nathaniel Hawthorne was moved from a few blocks away in 1958 under the direction of architectural historian Abbot Lowell Cummings. Hawthorne, who was born Hathorne in 1804, added a "w" to his name to differentiate himself and his descendants from his infamous great-great-grandfather, the "Hanging Judge" John Hathorne who presided over the Salem witch trials.
A compact house built about 1830 is considerably later than the other buildings on the property, but it is a fine example of a Salem counting house. It is not known when it was moved to the site or for whom it was built. It was renovated over the summer of 2007 with a floor chart illustrating some of the Salem mariners' trade routes.
From a simple house of two rooms downstairs and two upstairs, the 1668 House of the Seven Gables expanded to a grand 17-room house of more than 8,000 square feet. Four original windows of an original room are visible in the side wall. The massive original chimney contains a hidden staircase.
Conservation, preservation, restoration and research are ongoing processes at the House of the Seven Gables, bringing to light more and more of the history of the site and the city of Salem, and expanding knowledge of the social and cultural history of the inhabitants. Original features that remain in the House of the Seven Gables include a rare example of nogging, which in 1668 was the very latest method of insulating using bricks and mortar between the studs. Nogging failed because soft bricks crumbled from the freezing and thawing of New England winters.
The original batten front door was made with a diamond pattern of nail heads. When it deteriorated, it was used as a patch on the house: a large remnant remains. The Georgian paneling installed around 1710 remains in place in the expansive parlor. It was painted in the latest fashion of the time: verdigris walls, with Prussian blue and gilt detail inside a shell carved china closet. It appears that Miss Emmerton and Joseph Everett Chandler recycled the original parlor paneling to other parts of the house where it was used as insulation.
The paint and wall coverings in the parlor were installed by John Turner II; the furnishings were introduced by Susannah Ingersoll. The Georgian mahogany carved tall clock, circa 1760, bears the maker's mark, "Rich'd. Topping, Antigua.” A Richard Topping was listed as a clockmaker in Antigua, an English colony at the time. The route the clock took to Salem is yet to be determined. Perhaps there is a connection between the clock and Captain John Turner who made his fortune in Barbados trade. The clock is labeled "Found in Collection.”
None of the antique furnishings are original to the house; most have been acquired since the 1908–1910 restoration. As recordkeeping was a little sketchy until the latter part of the Twentieth Century, many are labeled simply, "Found in Collection." Emmerton acquired some objects and donated others; others with relevance to the house or the period have been added through generous donations and bequests from Salem householders.
Now nearly a century after the 1909 preservation, modern technology is allowing enabled museum staff to reexamine the unanswered questions about the origins of many of the 2,000 objects in the collection.
A sewing room filled with japanned furniture, once all the rage in Salem, includes a China Trade soft wood sewing table with black lacquer and gilt decoration. A New England William and Mary highboy was later japanned and is also on view. It and a number of other japanned pieces were bequeathed by Judith Felton of Salem.
A Queen Anne maple desk on frame that dates from about 1750 is thought to be a New Hampshire piece. Its upper section was made with a flat dovetailed top and a hinged slant lid fitted with an iron lock. The interior has eight pigeon holes above four drawers. Located in the accounting room, its origins are unknown.
The dining room is furnished with a Massachusetts Hepplewhite mahogany sideboard from the collection of Caroline Emmerton. The set of six New England transitional birch side chairs from about 1760 with bell-shaped rush seats and a vasiform back splat were owned by Susannah Ingersoll and found their way back into the collection. Two China Trade paintings, "View of Macau” and "The Hong of Canton,” were "Found in Collection.” Each bears the stamp of the L.B. Philbrick Company, a late Nineteenth Century supplier of artists' materials in Salem. A pair of circa 1840–1860 Canton tureens is on view in the dining room, along with a circa 1800 platter and an early Nineteenth Century sugar bowl.
Documentation attests to the existence of 25 Turkey-work chairs in the original parlor, an exceptional sign of affluence in the late Seventeenth Century. The whereabouts of the chairs, or even their survival, is not known, although two replicas have been created and are on view. Susannah Ingersoll's six transitional New England Chippendale birch side chairs from about 1760 have somehow found their way back into the collection.
Although the dock where John Turner tied up his ships is gone, the property does retain the Eighteenth Century granite seawall and two seaside gardens laid out in the Colonial Revival manner by Joseph Everett Chandler in 1909. The gardens were patterned after Jacobean examples and represent four centuries of historic plantings. Pleasingly colorful and fragrant, the beds are planted with all manner of herbs, a wisteria arbor, roses and lilacs.
Emmerton's legacy continues not just in the ongoing study of the house and its collections, but also in the community service programs that she established. Today's programs provide children and families and seniors educational, social and recreational services.
The House of the Seven Gables is at 115 Derby Street. For more information,
www.7gables.org
or 978-744-0991.
