While digital photography and image-editing software have brought about an increased awareness of the degree to which camera images can be manipulated, the practice of doctoring photographs has existed since the medium was invented. “Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop,” on view at the Metropolitan Museum of Art through January 27, is the first major exhibition devoted to the history of manipulated photography before the digital age.
Featuring some 200 captivating photographs created between the 1840s and 1990s in the service of art, politics, news, entertainment and commerce, the exhibition offers a new perspective on the history of photography as it traces the medium’s complex and changing relationship to visual truth.
The photographs in the exhibition were altered using a variety of techniques, including multiple exposure (taking two or more pictures on a single negative), combination printing (producing a single print from elements of two or more negatives), photomontage, overpainting and retouching on the negative or print. In every case, the meaning and content of the camera image was significantly transformed in the process of manipulation.
“Faking It” is divided into seven sections, each focusing on a different set of motivations for manipulating the camera image. “Picture Perfect” explores Nineteenth Century photographers’ efforts to compensate for the new medium’s technical limitations †specifically, its inability to depict the world the way it looks to the naked eye. To augment photography’s monochrome palette, pigments were applied to portraits to make them more vivid and lifelike.
Landscape photographers faced a different obstacle: the uneven sensitivity of early emulsions often resulted in blotchy, overexposed skies. To overcome this, many photographers, such as Gustave Le Gray and Carleton E. Watkins, created spectacular landscapes by printing two negatives on a single sheet of paper †one exposed for the land, the other for the sky. This section also explores the challenges involved in the creation of large group portraits, which were often cobbled together from dozens of photographs of individuals.
For early art photographers, the ultimate creativity lay not in the act of taking a photograph but in the subsequent transformation of the camera image into a hand-crafted picture. “Artifice in the Name of Art” begins in the 1850s with elaborate combination prints of narrative and allegorical subjects by Oscar Gustave Rejlander and Henry Peach Robinson. It continues with the revival of Pictorialism at the dawn of the Twentieth Century in the work of artist-photographers such as Edward Steichen, Anne W. Brigman, and F. Holland Day.
“Politics and Persuasion” presents photographs that were manipulated for explicitly political or ideological ends. It begins with Ernest Eugene Appert’s faked photographs of the 1871 Paris Commune massacres, and continues with images used to foster patriotism, advance racial ideologies and support or protest totalitarian regimes.
“Novelties and Amusements” brings together a broad variety of amateur and commercial photographs intended to astonish, amuse and entertain. Here, viewers find popular images of figures holding their own severed heads or appearing doubled or tripled.
“Pictures in Print” reveals the ways in which newspapers, magazines and advertisers have altered, improved and sometimes fabricated images in their entirety to depict events that never occurred †such as the docking of a zeppelin on the tip of the Empire State Building. Highlights include Erwin Blumenfeld’s famous “Doe Eye” Vogue cover from 1950 and Richard Avedon’s multiple portrait of Audrey Hepburn from 1967. “Mind’s Eye” features works from the 1920s through 1940s by such artists as Herbert Bayer, Maurice Tabard, Dora Maar, Clarence John Laughlin and Grete Stern, who have used photography to evoke subjective states of mind, conjuring dreamlike scenarios and surreal imaginary worlds.
The final section, “Protoshop,” presents photographs from the second half of the Twentieth Century by Yves Klein, John Baldessari, Duane Michals, Jerry Uelsmann and other artists who have adapted earlier techniques of image manipulation †such as spirit photography or news photo retouching †to create works that self-consciously and often humorously question photography’s presumed objectivity.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art is at 1000 Fifth Avenue. For information, 212-535-7710 or www.metmuseum.org .
